2.
   2021
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
I.              
II.          
III              
IV.      -     
V.                 ?
VI.    -     
VII.           
VIIL.    ,      
2.
   2021
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
I.              
: 
  " "    ,    
  ,              
       
         ,  
 ,  ,              ,  ,
    ,          ,
   (LDCs)            
  
,      ,    
          
    '   
      (
 ' ),  (       ),   ,
   '      
   
             
 

1.     
                
  ,         ,     
,  ,          
2.
   ( )      ,      
             
             
,        '     
" "     ,    
,    
 '  
2.       
      '       '  
  , ,             
   ,          
     :
      
 
    
 ,       
           
 '    ,         
     ,        
 , ,        


3.    '   
    , ,        ' 
            
:
       
     
     
     -      
  ,         - 
  ,       
4.     
2.
      (    )    
 
, , ,         
         ,         
           ,
                

5.     
             
       ,       
  
   :
 
 
 
 , , ,           
    ,        '  
    
6.        
   

;    ,     
 
    ,      
  
 :
         
          
          
  ,           
     '  
7.    
2.
            - 
    ,     ,  
  
       
              ,
    ,           
 
8.        
        '       
     ,           
            
      
       ?
          ,    
 
      ,          

    
       
  
           ,    
        '     -    
    '      
    , 
-           

            
   
              
 
         ,    , 
    ,  
 ,    ,  
               , 
            

2.
II.          
:🌍   -  -   
   |
-
    :           ,   
                
         ,      
     20
       
          -  
  
           
      
,            ,    
  '     -- ,     
 
🧾-     
-      :
1.         (,     )
2.         (    
 ,    )
3.              
 ,            
 
👉:
  -   (-)  
  -   (-)  
🧾   
   ,       :
 ,  ,    (  )
        
     '         
     
2.
      
👉    
        
 
🧾H–O    
       :
1. - :          
   
2.    :         

3. - :      
  
     
 
4.  :  ( )   -  
   -    
🧾  
  :      
  -   
  
  '   :  -   , H–O 
   '   
  : 
         (  
)    
 :       '    
🧾  
1.     
 -     

       
       

👉      
 
2.  
1950   ,           
  
2.
 - ,   H–O      - 
    
     :   -    
 -    
      ,    
 
3.     
      ,   ,   

 
            
4.     
   ,             
 
 ,  ,         


5.    
-  
      (   )
   
         
  ,  
  
           

🧾  
   , H–O    :
     

           
    ,   ,     
      
          -  
 
      -     

   -     :     
          
       
      
,     
  , 
2.
 -  ,  ,     -   
         
 
  : H–O       ,    

,  ,             
 ,            '
,      
III              
:          ,   
  ,    ,         ,
 , , ,           
 
     ,           
        ,  
    
    
  ,         
   , 
                
   ,                
         ,         

         '  ,   
 
       
1.    
     -          
                
  ,                 
    ,             
     
         
          ,  
          
2.
2.        
     ,        
               
   ,     
 
     
 ,        
     
   , , ,          
3.    
                
              ,  
  
   
      ,  
     ,    '      
                
 
4.     
    ,     
   
   
  
         
       ,        
          ,   
        
5.     
             

  
    '     ,   
     , , -    
 
6.     
    ,   '        
    
     ,    
 ,           
2.
     
         ,   
  
     
1.   
              ₹1 $0.012 
   ,     ,         
    , ,        
           
 
  
2.    
        
 ,     
               
               
 
        ,        

3.   
       ,         

 , ,          
 ,                
        
      
4.   
                
   ,    ,     
                ,
             
2.
5.     
              
     , ,       
        ,        
  ,          - -
             
6.   
        

   , 
      ,        
   
              

          

  ,     ,    
 
             '
      ,  , ,  
  
 ,       
 , 
  
      ""  "" 
       ,    
          ,  
     
IV.      -      
:🌍       
-
                
    
        ,  
2.
  , ,         
 
           '  ,      
 ,            
BoP      ,      -    
   ,    -- 
🧾1.  
  BoP           ,     
-   
(a)  
        
        ,       
     ,      👉:   100
        150      
,   50          
()   
  , -,  ,     -  
   ,           
() 
       (  , , )  

           
(d)  
 - -             
:          ,  ,  
👉  ,    
           
          
🧾2.  
             -, -
       
(a)  
2.
  (        )    
            
() - 
, ,         
     '      ,   
   
👉        ,      
   
  

🧾3.   
                
 
()      (...)
       ,      
:           
()   
,     
   , 
          
(c)   
  ,       
:    IMF    
(d)  
   ,     ,   IMF   
  
             
 
👉  
              
   
🧾4.   
    
   -         
2.
          
  
   BoP  " ",     
🧾5.  
 ,       ,        
   ,      
  ,             
   
  
  ?
 :   
 ,     '  
  
 :  , ,      
BoP     
  : 
         
 
👉 , BoP           

        -           
      -  ,  ,  ,     -
 ,           BoP   , 
            ,      , 
    
V.                 ?
:        ,   
  
 ,             
 ,    
 ,             
             

 ,             
  
      ,      
 
2.
     :     ? (:    
 ?)    
 ? (:   
 
     
 ?)
  ,   -   
🌍    ?
    
         (  '
    
),   -   '    ,   
         
 ,  
,   ,   ,    , 
 ,        -       
 ,      
;    , ,    
  
📌    
      '    
  :
  ( )
                
       
 ,        
   '       :
( , ,  ,   )
  ( ,  ,   )
   
(, ,     )
       
             ,   
  ,      ,       
        ,         
     ,    
       
    
2.
  ( )
      ,           
                  :
   
  
  
, ,    
, , ,     
  ' 
 
   
              ,   ', 
           
,    
                 

  ( )
           
   
         ,          
    
  :
     ?
      ?
    ?
     ?
   '    ?
    ,             
   ,          
   (   )
        
      
    
        :
2.
  
   
     -
   
     
,  ,     (CAG)     

      
          
     
   (   )
               
    , ,       
                

,              '
    
             |
   ,      ,       
        
1.      
  , , , ,        
      ,  
 ,   

      ,   
2.     
 
 , , ,  , , ,     
  '         '     
  
    
2.
3.   
 
             
  
        ,     
            
 
4.     
  
,  ,    -   
 ,       
 ;  ,   
            ,    
    
5.      
 
      
 
    ,  ,  ,
,        
      
    
6.        
 ,    '        
 
              
             
7.        
  ,    
;   
     
,           
🎯
                   
   
 ,      ,    
2.
 ,            , 
,  ,        
    
      ,  
 , 
  
 ,     ,    ,
             ,    

,     
 ,    
  
,      
 -     ,     
VI.    -     
:🌍   
-
   
        
    
           - , ,  ,  
   '
     ,       
    ,           
   ,     '
      -  - , ,  , 
, ,     '          
   ,        ( ) 
               
🧾1.       
                 
    
        
    
  
 ,       '     
  ,     '         
 
👉  :              
🧾2.   
2.
       ,       
     
             

:    ₹100      ,    
 ₹150         
👉        '  , 
 

🧾3.   
         
  
   
       
 ,  ,         
  
👉 
        
,   
       
🧾4.   
     ,          
  
, ,   '         
  , -  ( ,  )   
    
👉           -     

🧾5.   
           
    ,       , 
   
   
            
👉           
🧾6.    
  ',        
  ,         
2.
  -
     (    ),   
    
👉          ,    
  
🧾7.    
       
 ,       '    

 
     '         

👉             ,    
  
🧾8.   
       
 ,          
 ,         
👉          
 
🧾9.    

     ,        

 ,       
    
  
        
👉     
 ,       
  
   
     
   
           
       
        
   ,     , ,   
   
2.

              ,   
         , , , , ,
 ,  ,        
   
 ,    
VII.           
: 
   ,       
   "   
 !"   
    ,        
       
      ,   
, , , ,        
            
,      
   ,     
                  
   ,  ,           
,   "  "   '   
         , -  

1.   
               
   ,      ,    
 ,  
      "    "     
    :
 -           
 ,      ₹50,000 
 ,   '  
   
 -           ,
         
 
        ,      
        
2.
2.   - 
   '     
     ₹70  
  ₹100   -    
!
           :
 
 
  
   
   
             ,  
      
3.   
               
 ,  ,            
:
  
   

  
             
               
     
4. 
        
     '
   :
    
     
     
2.
       ?
              , 
             
    
5. 
            ,   
       ,    '      
    :
  
  
  
    
       -    ,     

6.   
               
 ,          :
  
   
   
      
      
 ,       ,   
       ,     
7.   
              -
       ,   , ,   
  
2.
 ,        :
 '  
       
   -           

8. 
           
  
 
 :
  

 
 
        ,     :
    
 
     
 ,             
 
9.    
               
   (       )  
         
     
       
     :
 
 
    
    ,          
2.
10.      
        
     
     :
 

 '  
      ,       
        :
 
 
 
11. - 
                
         ,     
   ,   , ,      
 

  ,         , , , ,
,     '     '   
              
              , 
  ,  
         

2.
VIIL.    ,      
:🌍  - ,       |
-
         ,    ,  
          
 -      
              ,  
                
   
           
  ,            
       , 
       
     ,     ,    

🧾   
              
 
 :   ,       (  
,  )
 : ,       ,
     
👉  :            
  
          
🧾   
               
 :
1.    
, , ,          

               
👉:         '  
    
2.   
2.
     -      
 ,          ,  
     
 ,            
👉        
 
3.   
,  ,         
             
 👉:     -19      
     
4.  
   ,         
    
          
 
5.     
             
 
           
     
6.   
         ,   
 
        
🧾   
     
 -       

 
1.    
          
   ,      
   
👉  ,        
2.   
2.
             
-       ,    
 
3.   
           
       ,     
       ,    
4.   
          
    
     
5.    
       
 
             
 
6.    
              

 
,            
 
7.  
  ,     
         
       
🧾   
        ,        
    ,     ' 
  
  (    )       
 
    
      
👉 ,          , 
 
          
2.

       ,     ,
            ,  
   ,      '       
      -            
        ,     
   
 :       
 -        
   ,         ;  , 
       
"               
 
       ,       
 "